What family factor is most closely associated with the risk of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence?

Infrequent parental or guardian monitoring when not in school is closely associated with an increased risk of alcohol and other drug use in adolescents. This lack of monitoring can lead to a sense of freedom or disengagement that may make it easier for adolescents to experiment with substances. When parents or guardians are not actively involved in overseeing their children's activities and social interactions outside of school, it can create an environment where risky behaviors go unchecked.

In contrast, strong family bonds and support, as well as active communication about substance use, generally foster an atmosphere of trust and guidance, which can deter substance use. Frequent monitoring during school can also help, but if parental oversight is lacking during other times, the potential for engaging in risky behaviors increases significantly. Thus, the level of parental monitoring when adolescents are not in a structured environment plays a critical role in their choices regarding alcohol and drugs.